5 Myr age of the largely Andean centropogonid clade (c. A time-calibrated species-level phylogeny shows the c. It further highlights the power of combining phylogenetic and Earth science models to explore the interplay of geology, climate, and ecology in generating the world's biodiversity.ĭiversification of Neotropical bellflowers. Our study represents a significant advance in our understanding of plant evolution in Andean cloud forests. These abiotic and biotic factors resulted in one of the fastest radiations reported to date: the centropogonids, whose 550 species arose in the last 5 million yr. Pollination syndrome and fruit type, both biotic traits known to facilitate mutualisms, played an additional role in driving diversification. We show that speciation and extinction are differentially influenced by abiotic factors: speciation rates rose concurrently with Andean elevation, while extinction rates decreased during global cooling. Our framework is novel for its direct incorporation of geological data on Andean uplift into a macroevolutionary model. We explore the contribution of these factors by applying a series of diversification models that incorporate mountain building, climate change, and trait evolution to the first dated phylogeny of Andean bellflowers (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae). While geological, climatic, and ecological processes collectively explain such radiations, their relative contributions are seldom examined within a single clade. The tropical Andes of South America, the world's richest biodiversity hotspot, are home to many rapid radiations.
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